Wi-Fi up to five times faster coming in 2015

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="medium-heading" style="color: #494949; line-height: 48px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wi-Fi up to five times faster coming in 2015</span></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Samsung Electronics has developed a new way of transmitting Wi-Fi data five times faster than was previously possible. The new technology is expected to be available in consumer devices as early as 2015.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <img alt="wifi" border="0" height="650" src="http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/1537.jpg" width="650" /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> If you've been to a cafe or other public place recently and been frustrated at the slow speed of Wi-Fi, a new breakthrough by Samsung Electronics may soon change that. Researchers at the company have this week achieved the development of 60GHz Wi-Fi allowing transfer rates of 4.6Gbps, or 575MB per second. That is 5.3 times faster than the previous maximum speed for consumer devices (866Mbps, or 108MB per second).</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Today's generation of Wi-Fi uses the 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz areas of the radio spectrum. The 60GHz band is currently unlicensed and offers major potential, but previous attempts to exploit it have failed to send data over significant distances, due to path loss and weak penetration properties. Samsung has overcome these issues through a combination of millimetre-wave circuit design, a high performance modem and wide-coverage beam-forming antenna. This eliminates co-channel interference, regardless of the number of devices using the same network.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Commercialisation is expected in 2015, with Samsung planning integration into a wide variety of products – including audio visual, medical devices and telecommunications equipment. It will also help to spur the Internet of Things.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> “Samsung prides itself at being of the forefront of technology innovation, and is delighted to have overcome the barriers to the commercialisation of 60GHz millimetre-wave band Wi-Fi technology,” said Paul Templeton, General Manager of Samsung Networks UK. “This breakthrough has opened the door to exciting possibilities for Samsung’s next-generation devices, and has also changed the face of the future development of Wi-Fi technology, promising innovations that were not previously within reach.”</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> To give an idea of the speed: a 1GB movie will take less than three seconds to transfer between devices, while uncompressed high-definition videos could easily be streamed from mobile devices to TVs in real-time without any delay.</div> </div>

Wi-Fi up to five times faster coming in 2015

Wi-Fi up to five times faster coming in 2015 Samsung Electronics has developed a new way of transmitting Wi-Fi data five times faster th...

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3D printer is 10 times faster than current models

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Hewlett-Packard (HP) has unveiled a 3D printer that it claims will be 10 times faster than current models.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <img alt="hp 3d printer 10 times faster" border="0" height="745" src="http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/1563.jpg" width="970" /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> HP has introduced its vision for the future of computing and 3D printing by unveiling its new "Blended Reality" ecosystem. Designed to break down the barriers between the digital and physical worlds, this ecosystem is underpinned by two key advancements:</div> <ul> <li style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"><strong>HP Multi Jet Fusion:</strong> A revolutionary technology engineered to resolve critical gaps in the combination of speed, quality and cost, and deliver on the potential of 3D printing.<br /></li> <li style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"><strong>Sprout by HP</strong>: A first-of-its-kind Immersive Computing platform that will redefine the user experience and that creates a foundation for future immersive technologies.</li> </ul> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> "We are on the cusp of a transformative era in computing and printing," said Dion Weisler, executive vice president, Printing & Personal Systems (PPS). "Our ability to deliver Blended Reality technologies will reduce the barriers between the digital and physical worlds, enabling us to express ourselves at the speed of thought – without filters, without limitations. This ecosystem opens up new market categories that can define the future, empowering people to create, interact and inspire like never before."</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> "As we examined the existing 3D print market, we saw a great deal of potential but also saw major gaps in the combination of speed, quality and cost," said Stephen Nigro, vice president of Inkjet and Graphic Solutions at HP. "HP Multi Jet Fusion is designed to transform manufacturing across industries by delivering on the full potential of 3D printing with better quality, increased productivity, and break-through economics."</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Multi Jet Fusion is built on HP Thermal Inkjet technology and features a unique synchronous architecture that significantly improves the commercial viability of 3D printing and has the potential to change the way we think about manufacturing.</div> <ul> <li style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;" xmlns=""><strong>10 times faster:</strong> Images entire surface areas versus one point at a time to achieve breakthrough functional build speeds, 10 times faster than the fastest technology in the market today.<br /></li> <li style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"><strong>New levels of quality, strength and durability:</strong> Multi-agent printing process utilising HP Thermal Inkjet arrays that simultaneously apply multiple liquid agents to produce best-in-class quality that combines greater accuracy, resiliency and uniform part strength in all three axis directions.<br /></li> <li style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"><strong>Accuracy and detail: </strong>Capable of delivering fully functional parts with more accuracy, finer details and smooth surfaces, and able to manipulate part and material properties, including form, texture, friction, strength, elasticity, electrical, thermal properties and more.<br /></li> <li style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"><strong>Achieves breakthrough economics:</strong> Unifies and integrates various steps of the print process to reduce running time, cost, energy consumption and waste to significantly improve 3D printing economics.</li> </ul> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <img alt="hp blended reality ecosystem" border="0" height="505" src="http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/1564.jpg" width="800" /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Sprout – the first product available in HP's Blended Reality ecosystem – combines the power of an advanced desktop computer with an immersive, natural user interface to create a new computing experience. As shown in the image above, this puts a scanner, depth sensor, hi-resolution camera and projector into a single device, allowing users to take physical items and seamlessly merge them into a digital workspace. The system also delivers an unmatched collaboration platform, allowing users in multiple locations to collaborate on and manipulate a single piece of digital content in real-time.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> "We live in a 3D world, but today we create in a 2D world on existing devices," said Ron Coughlin, senior vice president, Consumer PC & Solutions, HP. "Sprout by HP is a big step forward in reimagining the boundaries of how we create and engage with technology to allow users to move seamlessly from thought to expression."</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Together, HP says these advancements have the potential to revolutionise production and offer small businesses a new way to produce goods and parts for customers. HP aims to invite open collaboration and partnerships in 2015 to further develop its 3D print system, with general consumer availability in the second half of 2016.</div> </div>

3D printer is 10 times faster than current models

Hewlett-Packard (HP) has unveiled a 3D printer that it claims will be 10 times faster than current models. HP has introduced its v...

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DARPA circuit achieves speed of 1 terahertz (THz)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> The fastest ever integrated circuit has been announced by DARPA – achieving one terahertz (10¹² Hz), or a trillion cycles per second.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <img alt="darpa circuit" border="0" height="278" src="http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/1565.png" width="513" /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Guinness World Records has officially recognised DARPA's Terahertz Electronics program for creating the fastest solid-state amplifier integrated circuit ever measured. The ten-stage common-source amplifier operates at a speed of one terahertz (1,000,000,000,000 Hz), or one trillion cycles per second — 150 billion cycles faster than the existing world record of 850 gigahertz set in 2012.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> “This breakthrough could lead to revolutionary technologies such as high-resolution security imaging systems, improved collision-avoidance radar, communications networks with many times the capacity of current systems and spectrometers that could detect potentially dangerous chemicals and explosives with much greater sensitivity,” said Dev Palmer, DARPA program manager.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Developed by Northrop Grumman Corporation, the Terahertz Monolithic Integrated Circuit (TMIC) exhibits power gains several orders of magnitude beyond the current state of the art, using a super-scaled 25 nanometer gate-length. Gain, which is measured logarithmically in decibels, similar to how earthquake intensity is measured on the Richter scale, describes the ability of an amplifier to increase the power of a signal from the input to the output. The Northrop Grumman TMIC showed a measured gain of nine decibels at 1.0 terahertz and 10 decibels at 1.03 terahertz. By contrast, current smartphone technology operates at one to two gigahertz and wireless networks at 5.7 gigahertz.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> “Gains of six decibels or more start to move this research from the laboratory bench to practical applications — nine decibels of gain is unheard of at terahertz frequencies” said Palmer. “This opens up new possibilities for building terahertz radio circuits.”</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> For years, researchers have been looking to exploit the tremendously high-frequency band beginning above 300 gigahertz where the wavelengths are less than one millimetre. The terahertz level has proven to be somewhat elusive though, due to a lack of effective means to generate, detect, process and radiate the necessary high-frequency signals.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Current electronics using solid-state technologies have largely been unable to access the sub-millimetre band of the electromagnetic spectrum due to insufficient transistor performance. To address the “terahertz gap,” engineers have traditionally used frequency conversion — converting alternating current at one frequency to alternating current at another frequency — to multiply circuit operating frequencies up from millimetre-wave frequencies. This approach, however, restricts the output power of electrical devices and adversely affects signal-to-noise ratio. Frequency conversion also increases device size, weight and power requirements.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> DARPA has made a series of strategic investments in terahertz electronics through its HiFIVE, SWIFT and TFAST programs. Each program has built on the successes of the previous one, providing the foundational research necessary for frequencies to reach the terahertz threshold.</div> </div>

DARPA circuit achieves speed of 1 terahertz (THz)

The fastest ever integrated circuit has been announced by DARPA – achieving one terahertz (10 12  Hz), or a trillion cycles per second. ...

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Clothes that can monitor and transmit biomedical info

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> Researchers at Université Laval in Canada have developed "smart textiles" able to monitor and transmit wearers' biomedical information via wireless or cellular networks.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <strong><br /></strong></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div class="caption" style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <img alt="smart textiles" border="1" height="218" src="http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/1615.jpg" width="400" /><br />Credit: Stepan Gorgutsa, Université Laval</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> This technological breakthrough, described in the scientific journal <em>Sensors</em>, paves the way for a host of new developments for people suffering from chronic diseases, elderly people living alone, and even firemen and police officers. A team under the supervision of Professor Younès Messaddeq created the smart fabric by successfully superimposing multiple layers of copper, polymers, glass and silver.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> "The fibre acts as both sensor and antenna," explains Professor Messaddeq, Canada Excellence Research Chair in Photonic Innovations. "It is durable but malleable, and can be woven with wool or cotton. And signal quality is comparable to commercial antennas." The surface of the fibre can also be adjusted to monitor a range of information such as glucose levels, heart rhythm, brain activity, movements and spatial coordinates.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> The design is based on hollow-core polymer-clad silica fibres, featuring a thick polyimide polymer overcoat. This enables it to withstand high tensile and bending stresses, mechanical abrasion, extreme heat conditions (up to 350°C), humidity, water, detergent or acidic environments. A patent application has already been filed, though certain elements still need to be fine-tuned before the innovation is ready for commercialisation.</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> "Of course, the technology will have to be connected to a wireless network – and there is the issue of power supply to be solved," notes Messaddeq. "We have tested a number of solutions, and the results are promising."</div> <div style="color: #494949; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <br /></div> <div style="color: #494949; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="smart textiles" border="0" height="518" src="http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/1616.jpg" width="720" /></span></div> </div>

Clothes that can monitor and transmit biomedical info

Researchers at Université Laval in Canada have developed "smart textiles" able to monitor and transmit wearers' biomedical i...

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Web-Scale IT

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With a constantly increasing amount of data and more complex application requirements, talk about so-called Web-scale IT architecture is on the rise. But what exactly does Web-scale IT mean?</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The research firm Gartner introduced the term Web-scale IT in an effort to describe what the</span><img alt="describe the image" border="0" class="alignRight" src="http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/173001/file-509596888-jpg/images/facebook-lulea-data-center_small.jpg?t=1423086851575" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; float: right; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> fine folks at Internet giants like Facebook, Google, LinkedIn, etc. have achieved in agility and scalability by applying new processes, architectures, and practices. These companies exceed the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">“scale in terms of sheer size to also include scale as it pertains to speed and agility,”</em> according to Gartner. The research firm also named it one of the top ten strategic technology <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhigh/2013/10/14/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2014/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;">trends</a> of 2014.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The term, Web-scale IT, is often used in the context of DevOps but it also applies to the underlying IT infrastructure – the system needs to be in a “known good state” to achieve agility at scale. And by now you probably know where we are going with this (hint: we pride ourselves to be the leaders in infrastructure automation).</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Can Organizations of All Sizes Benefit From Web-Scale IT Methodology?</span></b></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Good question and let’s think about this. While most organizations don’t reach the scale of a Google or the scale of a Facebook, they will still benefit from increased velocity that comes with the Web-scale IT approach (if done right). But let’s go even further, thanks to the availability of powerful open source tools like Hadoop, OpenStack, etc., Big Data and cloud techniques are no longer the privileges of hyperscale web properties and became available to enterprises of all sizes. That being said, with all these new tools and capabilities, many sub web-scale enterprises today run some form of Big Infrastructure and that brings new challenges. </span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Disruption of the IT Infrastructure As We Know It</span></b></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The shift to Web-scale IT represents a radical departure from the old ways of doing things in the IT world and as with every disruptive movement, it can be a scary transition. Web-scale IT requires IT professionals to be able to move faster than ever to deploy and manage Big Infrastructure. Infrastructure has become increasingly heterogeneous with commodity hardware, open source software, and home-grown provisioning and management software that make infrastructure difficult to manage at scale. Many steps are still done manually, are inefficient, and error prone.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To do Web-scale IT right, organizations must move to the next level of infrastructure automation, the level that understands the requirements of applications and responds to those requirements in real time – a software defined environment. In a software-defined environment, IT becomes simplified, as well as responsive to shifting requirements and adaptive through automation. Building and managing these systems is the “secret sauce” but it isn’t easy to achieve.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hyperscale websites have the capital to build their own management tools that automate the management, configuration, and deployment, but that takes resources that enterprise IT infrastructure managers just don’t have. However, they still need automation if they want to achieve their goals. They need a solution that will harness the collection of commodity hardware and open source software, and make it work like a turnkey solution (from bare metal all the way to the applications layer) without the price tag of a proprietary system.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> What Would Such Solution Look Like?</span></b></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Here at StackIQ we spend a lot of time thinking about how to make the lives of infrastructure managers easier. How can we help enterprises of all sizes to get to the next level of infrastructure automation and benefit from a Web-scale IT approach?</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What do you think? To get the discussion started, here are a few characteristics that we believe are key to be successful in this new IT world:</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-        Heterogeneous support for all commodity hardware and open source software</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-        Capability to build the entire stack from bare metal to the applications layer</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-        Modular extensibility of the stack to keep up with ever changing business requirements</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7a7a7a; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">-        Simplified deployment with script free configuration</span></div> </div>

Web-Scale IT

With a constantly increasing amount of data and more complex application requirements, talk about so-called Web-scale IT architecture is o...

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What is Nanotechnology?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced.</span></span><br /> <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items <i>from the bottom up</i>, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUI628v8gofewUH5Tj5cxE5gaSrrzu_Yf4b2qHYHDiVVjMQ2J03S3uZHeuY6pbcHCR8V4RuMpLNuKDo-xpLYgxH7ReunGTpo2J_Pek71toxuexlYu4Tuto-PZHOkiUe4GdZ055qW0Zt3Q/s1600/0601Drexler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUI628v8gofewUH5Tj5cxE5gaSrrzu_Yf4b2qHYHDiVVjMQ2J03S3uZHeuY6pbcHCR8V4RuMpLNuKDo-xpLYgxH7ReunGTpo2J_Pek71toxuexlYu4Tuto-PZHOkiUe4GdZ055qW0Zt3Q/s1600/0601Drexler.jpg" width="305" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When K. Eric Drexler (right) popularized the word 'nanotechnology' in the 1980's, he was talking about building machines on the scale of molecules, a fewnanometers wide—motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next ten years describing and analyzing these incredible devices, and responding to accusations of science fiction. Meanwhile, mundane technology was developing the ability to build simple structures on a molecular scale. As nanotechnology became an accepted concept, the meaning of the word shifted to encompass the simpler kinds of nanometer-scale technology. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative was created to fund this kind of nanotech: their definition includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties.</span></div> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Much of the work being done today that carries the name 'nanotechnology' is not nanotechnology in the original meaning of the word. Nanotechnology, in its traditional sense, means building things from the bottom up, with atomic precision. This theoretical capability was envisioned as early as 1959 by the renowned physicist Richard Feynman.</span></div> <blockquote style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously. . .</span></i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big. </span></i></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-small;">— </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize winner in physics</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, Arial, Helvetica;"></span></blockquote> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Based on Feynman's vision of miniature factories using nanomachines to build complex products, advanced nanotechnology (sometimes referred to as molecular manufacturing) will make use of positionally-controlled mechanochemistry guided by molecular machine systems. Formulating a roadmap for development of this kind of nanotechnology is now an objective of a broadly based technology roadmap project led by Battelle (the manager of several U.S. National Laboratories) and the Foresight Nanotech Institute.</span></div> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shortly after this envisioned molecular machinery is created, it will result in a manufacturing revolution, probably causing severe disruption. It also has serious economic, social, environmental, and military implications.</span></div> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: navy;"><b>Four Generations  :</b></span><b><span style="color: navy;"></span></b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: navy;"><b><br /></b></span></span> <div style="background-color: white;"> </div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mihail (Mike) Roco of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative has described <i>four generations</i> of nanotechnology development (see chart below). The current era, as Roco depicts it, is that of passive nanostructures, materials designed to perform one task. The second phase, which we are just entering, introduces active nanostructures for multitasking; for example, actuators, drug delivery devices, and sensors. The third generation is expected to begin emerging around 2010 and will feature nanosystems with thousands of interacting components. A few years after that, the first integrated nanosystems, functioning (according to Roco) much like a mammalian cell with hierarchical systems within systems, are expected to be developed.</span></div>

What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more ad...

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torrent is safe to use

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0.200000002980232px; background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 24px;"> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With the influx of new p2p movie streaming apps like Popcorn Time, and a system for copyright infringement notices about to begin in the UK, I thought it might an apt time to remind you of some basic torrenting safety guidelines. I’m not going to be preachy and pretend I don’t know what you use torrents for, but I am going to ask that you stay safe regardless – both legally, and from a computing perspective. No one wants to end up in prison or handed a hefty fine.</span></div> <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0.200000002980232px; background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 1.5em;"> <em><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Not sure what torrents are? Read guide to torrents. Please don’t ask me in the comments what the best torrent sites are or beg for private tracker invites. I don’t condone piracy of any kind, and you’ll waste my time banning you.</span></em></div> </div>

torrent is safe to use

With the influx of new p2p movie streaming apps like Popcorn Time, and a system for copyright infringement notices about to begin in the U...

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DIY Electronics - LED display digital Voltmeter

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 style="color: #7f0000; font-weight: normal; margin: 10px 0px;"> <a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/bigs/image_2.jpg"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/image_2.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></span></a></h2> <div class="project"> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>front side</b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Copyright of this circuit belongs to smart kit electronics. In this page we will use this circuit to discuss for improvements and we will introduce some changes based on original schematic.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <strong><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">General Description</span></strong><br /> <strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></strong> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is an easy to build, but nevertheless very accurate and useful digital voltmeter. It has been designed as a panel meter and can be used in DC power supplies or anywhere else it is necessary to have an accurate indication of the voltage present. The circuit employs the ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter) I.C. CL7107 made by INTERSIL. This IC incorporates in a 40 pin case all the circuitry necessary to convert an analogue signal to digital and can drive a series of four seven segment LED displays directly. The circuits built into the IC are an analogue to digital converter, a comparator, a clock, a decoder and a seven segment LED display driver. The circuit as it is described here can display any DC voltage in the range of 0-1999 Volts.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Technical Specifications - Characteristics</span></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Supply Voltage: ............. +/- 5 V (Symmetrical)</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power requirements: ..... 200 mA (maximum)</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Measuring range: .......... +/- 0-1,999 VDC in four ranges</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Accuracy: ....................... 0.1 %</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">FEATURES</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Small size</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Easy construction</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Low cost.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Simple adjustment.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Easy to read from a distance.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Few external components.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">How it Works</span></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In order to understand the principle of operation of the circuit it is necessary to explain how the ADC IC works. This IC has the following very important features:</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Great accuracy.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- It is not affected by noise.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- No need for a sample and hold circuit.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- It has a built-in clock.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- It has no need for high accuracy external components.</span><br /> <a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/bigs/schematic.gif"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/schematic.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></span></a><br /> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Schematic (fixed 22-2-04)</b></span><br /> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/bigs/7seg.gif"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/7seg.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span><br /> <b style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></b> <b style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7-segment display pinout MAN6960</b><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An Analogue to Digital Converter, (ADC from now on) is better known as a dual slope converter or integrating converter. This type of converter is generally preferred over other types as it offers accuracy, simplicity in design and a relative indifference to noise which makes it very reliable. The operation of the circuit is better understood if it is described in two stages. During the first stage and for a given period the input voltage is integrated, and in the output of the integrator at the end of this period, there is a voltage which is directly proportional to the input voltage. At the end of the preset period the integrator is fed with an internal reference voltage and the output of the circuit is gradually reduced until it reaches the level of the zero reference voltage. This second phase is known as the negative slope period and its duration depends on the output of the integrator in the first period. As the duration of the first operation is fixed and the length of the second is variable it is possible to compare the two and this way the input voltage is in fact compared to the internal reference voltage and the result is coded and is send to the display.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/bigs/image_3.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/image_3.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Back side :-</b></span><br /> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All this sounds quite easy but it is in fact a series of very complex operations which are all made by the ADC IC with the help of a few external components which are used to configure the circuit for the job. In detail the circuit works as follows. The voltage to be measured is applied across points 1 and 2 of the circuit and through the circuit R3, R4 and C4 is finally applied to pins 30 and 31 of the IC. These are the input of the IC as you can see from its diagram. (IN HIGH & IN LOW respectively). The resistor R1 together with C1 are used to set the frequency of the internal oscillator (clock) which is set at about 48 Hz. At this clock rate there are about three different readings per second. The capacitor C2 which is connected between pins 33 and 34 of the IC has been selected to compensate for the error caused by the internal reference voltage and also keeps the display steady. The capacitor C3 and the resistor R5 are together the circuit that does the integration of the input voltage and at the same time prevent any division of the input voltage making the circuit faster and more reliable as the possibility of error is greatly reduced. The capacitor C5 forces the instrument to display zero when there is no voltage at its input. The resistor R2 together with P1 are used to adjust the instrument during set-up so that it displays zero when the input is zero. The resistor R6 controls the current that is allowed to flow through the displays so that there is sufficient brightness with out damaging them. The IC as we have already mentioned above is capable to drive four common anode LED displays. The three rightmost displays are connected so that they can display all the numbers from 0 to 9 while the first from the left can only display the number 1 and when the voltage is negative the «-« sign. The whole circuit operates from a symmetrical ρ 5 VDC supply which is applied at pins 1 (+5 V), 21 (0 V) and 26 (-5 V) of the IC.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Construction</span></strong><br /> <strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></strong> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">First of all let us consider a few basics in building electronic circuits on a printed circuit board. The board is made of a thin insulating material clad with a thin layer of conductive copper that is shaped in such a way as to form the necessary conductors between the various components of the circuit. The use of a properly designed printed circuit board is very desirable as it speeds construction up considerably and reduces the possibility of making errors. To protect the board during storage from oxidation and assure it gets to you in perfect condition the copper is tinned during manufacturing and covered with a special varnish that protects it from getting oxidised and also makes soldering easier.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Soldering the components to the board is the only way to build your circuit and from the way you do it depends greatly your success or failure. This work is not very difficult and if you stick to a few rules you should have no problems. The soldering iron that you use must be light and its power should not exceed the 25 Watts. The tip should be fine and must be kept clean at all times. For this purpose come very handy specially made sponges that are kept wet and from time to time you can wipe the hot tip on them to remove all the residues that tend to accumulate on it.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DO NOT file or sandpaper a dirty or worn out tip. If the tip cannot be cleaned, replace it. There are many different types of solder in the market and you should choose a good quality one that contains the necessary flux in its core, to assure a perfect joint every time.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DO NOT use soldering flux apart from that which is already included in your solder. Too much flux can cause many problems and is one of the main causes of circuit malfunction. If nevertheless you have to use extra flux, as it is the case when you have to tin copper wires, clean it very thoroughly after you finish your work.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In order to solder a component correctly you should do the following:</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Clean the component leads with a small piece of emery paper.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Bend them at the correct distance from the component’s body and insert the component in its place on the board.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- You may find sometimes a component with heavier gauge leads than usual, that are too thick to enter in the holes of the p.c. board. In this case use a mini drill to enlarge the holes slightly. Do not make the holes too large as this is going to make soldering difficult afterwards.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/bigs/layout_full.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/layout_full.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Parts placement</b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/bigs/pcb_full.gif"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/pcb_full.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PCB dimensions: 77,6mm x 44,18mm or scale it at 35%</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Take the hot iron and place its tip on the component lead while holding the end of the solder wire at the point where the lead emerges from the board. The iron tip must touch the lead slightly above the p.c. board.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- When the solder starts to melt and flow wait till it covers evenly the area around the hole and the flux boils and gets out from underneath the solder. The whole operation should not take more than 5 seconds. Remove the iron and allow the solder to cool naturally without blowing on it or moving the component. If everything was done properly the surface of the joint must have a bright metallic finish and its edges should be smoothly ended on the component lead and the board track. If the solder looks dull, cracked, or has the shape of a blob then you have made a dry joint and you should remove the solder (with a pump, or a solder wick) and redo it.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Take care not to overheat the tracks as it is very easy to lift them from the board and break them.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- When you are soldering a sensitive component it is good practice to hold the lead from the component side of the board with a pair of long-nose pliers to divert any heat that could possibly damage the component.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Make sure that you do not use more solder than it is necessary as you are running the risk of short-circuiting adjacent tracks on the board, especially if they are very close together.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- When you finish your work, cut off the excess of the component leads and clean the board thoroughly with a suitable solvent to remove all flux residues that may still remain on it.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/bigs/image_1.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/image_1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As it is recommended start working by identifying the components and separating them in groups. There are two points in the construction of this project that you should observe:</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">First of all the display IC’s are placed from the copper side of the board and second the jumper connection which is marked by a dashed line on the component side at the same place where the displays are located is not a single jumper but it should be changed according to the use of the instrument. This jumper is used to control the decimal point of the display.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If you are going to use the instrument for only one range you can make the jumper connection between the rightmost hole on the board and the one corresponding to the desired position for the decimal point for your particular application. If you are planning to use the voltmeter in different ranges you should use a single pole three position switch to shift the decimal point to the correct place for the range of measurement selected. (This switch could preferably be combined with the switch that is used to actually change the sensitivity of the instrument).</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Apart from this consideration, and the fact that the small size of the board and the great number of joints on it which calls for a very fine tipped soldering iron, the construction of the project is very straightforward.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Insert the IC socket and solder it in place, solder the pins, continue with the resistors the capacitors and the multi-turn trimmer P1. Turn the board over and very carefully solder the display IC’s from the copper side of the board. Remember to inspect the joints of the base of the IC as one row will be covered by the displays and will be impossible to see any mistake that you may have made after you have soldered the displays into place.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The value of R3 controls in fact the range of measurement of the voltmeter and if you provide for some means to switch different resistors in its place you can use the instrument over a range of voltages.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>For the replacement resistors follow the table below:</b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">0 - 2 V ............ R3 = 0 ohm 1%</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">0 - 20 V ........... R3 = 1.2 Kohm 1%</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">0 - 200 V .......... R3 = 12 Kohm 1%</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">0 - 2000 V ......... R3 = 120 Kohm 1%</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When you have finished all the soldering on the board and you are sure that everything is OK you can insert the IC in its place. The IC is CMOS and is very sensitive to static electricity. It comes wrapped in aluminium foil to protect it from static discharges and it should be handled with great care to avoid damaging it. Try to avoid touching its pins with your hands and keep the circuit and your body at ground potential when you insert it in its place.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Connect the circuit to a suitable power supply ρ 5 VDC and turn the supply on. The displays should light immediately and should form a number. Short circuit the input (0 V) and adjust the trimmer P1 until the display indicates exactly «0».</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Parts</span></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R1 180k</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R2 22k</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R3 12k</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R4 1M</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R5 470k</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R6 560 Ohm</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C1 100pF</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C2, C6, C7 100nF</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C3 47nF</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C4 10nF</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C5 220nF</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">P1 20k trimmer multi turn</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">U1 ICL 7107</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">LD1,2,3,4 MAN 6960 common anode led displays</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <strong><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If it does not work</span></strong><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Check your work for possible dry joints, bridges across adjacent tracks or soldering flux residues that usually cause problems.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Check again all the external connections to and from the circuit to see if there is a mistake there.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- See that there are no components missing or inserted in the wrong places.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Make sure that all the polarised components have been soldered the right way round. - Make sure the supply has the correct voltage and is connected the right way round to your circuit.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Check your project for faulty or damaged components.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sample Power supply 1</span><br /> <a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/bigs/dvm_pw.gif"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/dvm_pw.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></span></a><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Sample Power Supply 2</b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/215/dvm_pw1.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></span></div> </div>

DIY Electronics - LED display digital Voltmeter

front side Copyright of this circuit belongs to smart kit electronics. In this page we will use this circuit to discuss for improvemen...

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DIY Electronics - Metal Detector

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Circuit diagram</strong></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/266/bigs/metal_detector.gif"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/266/metal_detector.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The circuit described here is that of a metal detector. The opera- tion of the circuit is based on superheterodyning principle which is commonly used in superhet receivers. The circuit utilises two RF oscillators. The frequencies of both oscillators are fixed at 5.5 MHz. The first RF oscillator comprises transistor T1 (BF 494) and a 5.5MHz ceramic filter commonly used in TV sound-IF section. The second oscillator is a Colpitt’s oscillator realised with the help of transistor T3 (BF494) and inductor L1 (whose construction details follow) shunted by trimmer capacitor VC1. These two oscillators’ frequencies (say Fx and Fy) are mixed in the mixer transistor T2 (another BF 494) and the difference or the beat frequency (Fx-Fy) output from collector of transistor T2 is connected to detector stage comprising diodes D1 and D2 (both OA 79). The output is a pulsating DC which is passed through a low-pass filter realised with the help of a 10k resistor R12 and two 15nF capacitors C6 and C10. It is then passed to AF amplifier IC1 (2822M) via volume</span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />control VR1 and the output is fed to an 8-ohm/1W speaker. The inductor L1 can be constructed using 15 turns of 25SWG wire on a 10cm (4-inch) diameter air-core former and then cementing it with insulating varnish. For proper operation of the circuit it is critical that frequencies of both the oscillators are the same so as to obtain zero beat in the absence of any metal in the near vicinity of the circuit. The alignment of oscillator 2 (to match oscillator 1 frequency) can be done with the help of trimmer capacitor VC1. When the two frequencies are equal, the beat frequency is zero, i.e. beat frquency=Fx-Fy=0, and thus there is no sound from the loudspeaker. When search coil L1 passes over metal, the metal changes its inductance, thereby changing the second oscillator’s frequency. So now Fx-Fy is not zero and the loudspeaker sounds. Thus one is able to detect presence of metal.</span></div> </div>

DIY Electronics - Metal Detector

Circuit diagram The circuit described here is that of a metal detector. The opera- tion of the circuit is based on superheterodyning...

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DIY Electronics - Electromagnetic field detector

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="background-color: white;"> <strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Circuit diagram</span></strong></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/228/bigs/emmeter.gif"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/228/emmeter.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Description:</span></strong></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b>This lovely circuit is a real gem! Easy to assemble and more sensitive than many commercial devices available. It's based around an LF351 low-noise operational amplifier and a 1mF choke acting as the sensor. Unlike most other simple EMF detectors, this one has a meter output for accurate reading, but alternatively, you can also roughly estimate the frequency of the field by plugging in headphones. It can detect any field from 50Hz to 100kHz, making it highly versatile and a worthwhile addition to any hobbyist's workbench.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></strong></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Problems:</span></strong></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I just couldn't find any.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <strong><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></strong></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Possible uses:</strong><br />Find out how far electromagnetic fields extend in your room, house, office...</span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Are you a ghost hunter? Then this is the circuit that you've been waiting for! Since it has been observed that appearance of a ghost tends to disturb the EMF, you can now detect any such changes with this little detector.</span></div> </div>

DIY Electronics - Electromagnetic field detector

Circuit diagram Description: This lovely circuit is a real gem! Easy to assemble and more sensitive than many commercial devic...

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DIY Electronics - Capacitance Meter

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Circuit diagram</strong></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/207/bigs/cir_msr012.gif"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/207/cir_msr012.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Position Range</b></span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />a 1 uf<br />b 100 nf<br />c 10 nf<br />d 1 nf<br />e 100 pf</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />Use X10 switch to measure up 10uf.<br />Use X0.5 switch for better readings on low values.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This project is more complex than the others described earlier. However, when finished, you will have an instrument capable of measuring all but the largest capacitors used in radio circuits. Unlike variable resistors, most variable capacitors are not marked with their values. As well, the markings of capacitors from salvaged equipment often rub off. By being able to measure these unmarked components, this project will prove useful to the constructor, vintage radio enthusiast or antenna experimenter.<br />The common 555 timer IC forms the heart of the circuit (Figure Three). Its function is to charge the unknown capacitor (Cx) to a fixed voltage. The capacitor is then discharged into the meter circuit. The meter measures the current being drawn through the 47 ohm resistor. The 555 repeats the process several times a second, so that the meter needle remains steady.<br />The deflection on the meter is directly proportional to the value of the unknown capacitor. This means that the scale is linear, like the voltage and current ranges on an analogue multimeter.<br />The meter has five ranges, from 100pF to 1uF, selected by a five position two pole switch. In addition, there is a x10 switch for measuring higher values and a divide-by-two facility to allow a better indication on the meter where the capacitor being measured is just above 100, 1000pF, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 uF.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />Component values are critical. For best accuracy, it is desirable that the nine resistors wired to the Range switch have a 2% tolerance. If 0A47 diodes are not available, try OA91 or OA95 germanium diodes instead. Construct the meter in a plastic box; one that is about the size of your multimeter but deeper is ideal. The meter movement should as large as your budget allows; you will be using it to indicate exact values. A round 70mm-diameter movement salvaged from a piece of electronic equipment was used in the prototype. The meter you buy will have a scale of 0 to 50 microamps. This scale needs to be converted to read 0 to 100 (ie 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 instead of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50). Use of white correction fluid or small pieces of paper will help here.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />The components can be mounted on a piece of matrix board or printed circuit board. Use a socket for the IC should replacement ever be needed. Keep wires short to minimise stray capacitance; stray capacitance reduces accuracy.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />Calibrating the completed meter can be done in conjunction with a ready-built capacitance meter. Failing this, a selection of capacitors of known value, as measured on a laboratory meter, could be used. If neither of these options are available, simply buy several capacitors of the same value and use the one which is nearest the average as your standard reference. Use several standards to verify accuracy on all ranges.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />To calibrate, disable both the x10 and divide-by-two functions (ie both switches open). Then connect one of your reference capacitors and switch to an appropriate range. Vary the setting of the 47k trimpot until the meter is reading the exact value of the capacitor. Then switch in the divide-by-two function. This should change the reading on the meter. Adjust the 10k trimpot so that the needle shows exactly twice the original reading. For example, if you used a 0.01 uF reference, and the meter read 10 on the 0.1 uF range, it should now read 20. Now switch out the divide-by-two function.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />If you are not doing so already, change to a reference with a value equal to one of the ranges (eg 1000pF, 0.01uF, 0.1uF etc). Switch to the range equal to that value (ie the meter reads full-scale (100) when that capacitor is being measured. Switching in the x10 function should cause the meter indication to drop significantly. Adjust the 470 ohm trimpot so that the meter reads 10. Move down one range (eg from 0.01uF to 1000pF). The meter should read 100 again. If it does not, vary the 470 ohm trimpot until it does. That completes the calibration of the capacitance meter. Now try measuring other components to confirm that the measurements are reasonable.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />With care, an accuracy of five percent or better should be possible on most ranges.</span></div> </div>

DIY Electronics - Capacitance Meter

Circuit diagram Position Range a 1 uf b 100 nf c 10 nf d 1 nf e 100 pf Use X10 switch to measure up 10uf. Use X0.5 switch for be...

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DIY Electronics - Solid State Tesla Coil / High Voltage Generator

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This is a fun and useful circuit for demonstrating high frequency high voltge. It can produce up to about 30KV, depending on the transformer used. It is cheap and easy to make, thanks to the standard TV flyback transformer used. It can power LASERS (although I have never tried), demonstrate St.Elmo's fire, and even cause a fluorescent bulb to light from as much as 2 feet away.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Circuit diagram</strong><br /><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/bigs/hvgen.gif"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/hvgen.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Parts</strong><br />R1 27 Ohm 5W Resistor or 27 Ohm 10W Resistor<br />R2 240 Ohm 5W Resistor or 240 Ohm 10W Resistor<br />BR1 50 Volt, 6 Amp Bridge Rectifier<br />C1 8000uf, 35 Volt Capacitor<br />Q1, Q2 2N3055 NPN Power Transistor<br />T1 24V 5A Transformer (See "Notes")<br />T2 TV Flyback Transformer (See "Notes")<br />S1 115V 3A SPST Switch<br />MISC Case, Wire, Heatsinks, Line Cord</span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong>Notes</strong><br />1. T2 is a high voltage flyback transformer salvaged from an old TV, or ordered from Fair Radio Sales (see <a href="http://www.jeevanelectronics.com/Forms/Add_Cart_General.aspx">Where To Get</a> Parts). Look for the biggest, most intimidating transformer you can find. Old tube TV's are a good place to look. The transformer should not have a rectifier built in.<br />2. You will need to rewind the transformer's primary. First, remove the old primary, being careful not to damage the high voltage secondary. If the transformer is wound with all windings incased in plastic, use another transformer. Second, wind on 5 turns of 18 AWG wire, twist a loop (center tap), and then wind on 5 more turns. This becomes winding C-D. Now, wind on 2 turns of 22 AWG wire, twist a loop, and wind on 2 more turns. This becomes winding A-B.<br />3. Q1 and Q2 will run HOT if not used with a large heatsink. After the circuit has been running for a minute or two, you should still be able to put your finger on the transistors without being burnt. Also, R1 and R2 will run hot.<br />4. If you experience arcing on the exposed transformer leads, select a lower voltage for T1. If you are powering the circuit with a power supply (see <a href="http://www.jeevanelectronics.com/Forms/Add_Cart_General.aspx">Power Supply</a>), just crank down the voltage.<br />5. For a real high voltage output, connect a voltage multiplier (from an old TV or computer monitor) to the output of T2.<br />6. If the circuit does not work, reverse connections A and B.<br />7. I finally got around to taking some pictures of the circuit in operation. Here they are:</span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/bigs/hvgen1.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/hvgen1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a> <a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/bigs/hvgen2.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/hvgen2.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first picture is the high voltage generator without the voltage multiplier. Notice how hot the arc looks. The second picture is the high voltage generator with a voltage multiplier installed. Notice how much brighter the arc is.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/bigs/hvgen3.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/hvgen3.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a> <a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/bigs/hvgen4.jpg"><img alt="" height="320" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/hvgen4.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" width="156" /></a> <a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/bigs/hvgen5.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/66/hvgen5.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" /></a></span></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <br /></div> <div style="background-color: white;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The above pictures of myself were taken with me standing on an pie plate that was resting on the top of a plastic bucket. The pie plate was connected to the high voltage generator and charged to about 40,000V. If you do this, be sure to have someone else turn on and off the high voltage generator. Also, don't touch anything when you are charged. Have everything you are going to hold/play with already sitting on the bucket and away from grounded objects. Remember to take off your watch...</span></div> </div>

DIY Electronics - Solid State Tesla Coil / High Voltage Generator

This is a fun and useful circuit for demonstrating high frequency high voltge. It can produce up to about 30KV, depending on the transform...

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DIY Electronics - Simple but reliable car battery tester

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 style="color: #7f0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin: 10px 0px;"> <strong style="font-size: 13px;">Circuit diagram</strong></h2> <div class="project" style="font-size: 13px;"> <div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <a href="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/48/bigs/carbatterytester.gif"><img alt="" height="480" src="http://www.diy-electronic-projects.com/projects/48/carbatterytester.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 127, 0); padding: 2px;" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This circuit uses the popular and easy to find LM3914 IC. This IC is very simple to drive, needs no voltage regulators (it has a built in voltage regulator) and can be powered from almost every source.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This circuit is very easy to explain:</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When the test button is pressed, the Car battery voltage is feed into a high impedance voltage divider. His purpose is to divide 12V to 1,25V (or lower values to lower values). This solution is better than letting the internal voltage regulator set the 12V sample voltage to be feed into the internal voltage divider simply because it cannot regulate 12V when the voltage drops lower (linear regulators only step down). Simply wiring with no adjust, the regulator provides stable 1,25V which is fed into the precision internal resistor cascade to generate sample voltages for the internal comparators. Anyway the default setting let you to measure voltages between 8 and 12V but you can measure even from 0V to 12V setting the offset trimmer to 0 (but i think that under 9 volt your car would not start). There is a smoothing capacitor (4700uF 16V) it is used to adsorb EMF noise produced from the ignition coil if you are measuring the battery during the engine working. Diesel engines would not need it, but I'm not sure. If you like more a point graph rather than a bar graph simply disconnect pin 9 on the IC (MODE) from power.<br />The calculations are simple (default)<br />For the first comparator the voltage is : 0,833 V corresponding to 8 V<br />* * * * * voltage is : 0,875 V corresponding to 8,4 V<br />for the last comparator the voltage is : 1,25 V corresponding to 12 V<br />Have fun, learn and don't let you car battery discharge... ;-)</span></div> </div>

DIY Electronics - Simple but reliable car battery tester

Circuit diagram This circuit uses the popular and easy to find LM3914 IC. This IC is very simple to drive, needs no voltage regulat...

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Welcome to the Newton Project

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="about_us" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;"> The Newton Project is a non-profit organization dedicated to publishing in full an online edition of all of Sir Isaac Newton’s (1642–1727) writings — whether they were printed or not. The edition presents a full (diplomatic) rendition featuring all the amendments Newton made to his own texts or a more readable (normalised) version. We also make available <a href="http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/ref2014#trans" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #737373; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit;">translations</a> of his most important Latin religious texts.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;"> Although Newton is best known for his theory of universal gravitation and discovery of calculus, his interests were much broader than is usually appreciated. In addition to his celebrated <a href="http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=45" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #737373; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit;">scientific</a> and <a href="http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=147" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #737373; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit;">mathematical writings</a>, Newton also wrote many alchemical and religious texts.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;"> We have published over four million words of text since January 2008, and have created a special section for reviewers working for the UK Research Excellence Framework (REF). This provides a list of every document published during the current REF cycle, along with key Research Inputs, Translations of major Latin texts and podcasted interviews with historians. Reviewers should refer to the main site in order to understand the way in which the documents have been classified and arranged within the site as a whole.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;"> Thanks to www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk. </div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;"> <br /></div> </div>

Welcome to the Newton Project

The Newton Project is a non-profit organization dedicated to publishing in full an online edition of all of Sir Isaac Newton’s (1642–1727)...

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The Electromagnet

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 class="h2txt" itemprop="description" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4068a6; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">We now know from the previous tutorials that a straight current carrying conductor produces a circular magnetic field around itself at all points along its length and that the direction of rotation of this magnetic field depends upon the direction of current flow through the conductor, the</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"> </span><b style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">Left Hand Rule</b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">.</span></h2> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> In the last tutorial about Electromagnetism we saw that if we bend the conductor into a single loop the current will flow in opposite directions through the loop producing a clockwise field and an anticlockwise field next to each other. The <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Electromagnet</span> uses this principal by having several individual loops magnetically joined together to produce a single coil.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Electromagnets</span> are basically coils of wire which behave like bar magnets with a distinct north and south pole when an Electrical Current passes through the coil. The static magnetic field produced by each individual coil loop is summed with its neighbour with the combined magnetic field concentrated like the single wire loop we looked at in the last tutorial in the centre of the coil. The resultant static magnetic field with a north pole at one end and a south pole at the other is uniform and a lot more stronger in the centre of the coil than around the exterior.</div> <h3 class="h3txt" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: underline;"> <span style="color: #38761d;">Lines of Force around an Electromagnet</span></h3> <div class="cntr" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"> <img alt="Electromagnetic Coil" height="308" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/mag13.gif" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="509" /></div> <div class="bottomspace" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 602.65625px;">  </div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> The magnetic field that this produces is stretched out in a form of a bar magnet giving a distinctive north and south pole with the flux being proportional to the amount of current flowing in the coil. If additional layers of wire are wound upon the same coil with the same current flowing, the magnetic field strength will be increased.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #333333;">It can be seen from this therefore that the amount of flux available in any given magnetic circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it and the number of turns of wire within the coil. This relationship is called </span><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;">Magneto Motive Force</span> or <span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;">m.m.f.</span></b></span><span style="color: #333333;"> and is defined as:</span></div> <div class="cntr" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"> <img alt="magneto motive force equation" height="26" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/mag14.gif" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Magneto Motive Force Equation" width="478" /></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Magneto Motive Force</span> is expressed as a current, <span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">I</span> flowing through a coil of <span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">N</span> turns. The magnetic field strength of an electromagnet is therefore determined by the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">ampere turns</em> of the coil with the more turns of wire in the coil the greater will be the strength of the magnetic field.</div> <h2 class="h2txt" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px;"> <span style="color: #38761d;"><u>The Magnetic Strength of the Electromagnet</u></span></h2> <div> <br /></div> <div> <img alt="magnetising force" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/mag15.gif" /></div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; color: #333333; float: right; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"> <span style="line-height: 18.5714282989502px; text-align: start;"></span></div> <ul class="pointslist" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin: 15px; padding: 0px 0px 6px;"> <li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 5px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Where:</li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 5px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">H</span> – is the strength of the magnetic field in ampere-turns/metre, <span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">At/m</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 5px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">N</span> – is the number of turns of the coil</li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 5px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">I</span> – is the current flowing through the coil in amps, <span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">A</span></li> <li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 5px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">L</span> – is the length of the coil in metres, <span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">m</span></li> </ul> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> Then to summarise, the strength or intensity of a coils magnetic field depends on the following factors.</div> <ul class="pointslist" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin: 15px; padding: 0px 0px 6px;"> <li class="adv" style="background: url(http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/wp-content/themes/electronics_tutorials/images/tick.png) 0% 10% no-repeat; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 24px; text-align: justify;">The number of turns of wire within the coil.</li> <li class="adv" style="background: url(http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/wp-content/themes/electronics_tutorials/images/tick.png) 0% 10% no-repeat; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 24px; text-align: justify;">The amount of current flowing in the coil.</li> <li class="adv" style="background: url(http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/wp-content/themes/electronics_tutorials/images/tick.png) 0% 10% no-repeat; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6em; list-style-type: none; margin: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 24px; text-align: justify;">The type of core material.</li> </ul> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> The magnetic field strength of the electromagnet also depends upon the type of core material being used as the main purpose of the core is to concentrate the magnetic flux in a well defined and predictable path. So far only air cored (hollow) coils have been considered but the introduction of other materials into the core (the centre of the coil) has a very large controlling effect on the strength of the magnetic field.</div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/mag33.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Electromagnet" border="0" height="234" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/mag33.gif" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; max-width: 100%; text-align: start; vertical-align: middle;" title="electromagnet" width="175" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #5078b4; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; line-height: 18.5714282989502px;">Electromagnet using a nail</span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> If the material is non-magnetic for example wood, for calculation purposes it can be regarded as free space as they have very low values of permeability. If however, the core material is made from a <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Ferromagnetic</span> material such as iron, nickel, cobalt or any mixture of their alloys, a considerable difference in the flux density around the coil will be observed.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Ferromagnetic</span> materials are those which can be magnetised and are usually made from soft iron, steel or various nickel alloys. The introduction of this type of material into a magnetic circuit has the effect of concentrating the magnetic flux making it more concentrated and dense and amplifies the magnetic field created by the current in the coil.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> We can prove this by wrapping a coil of wire around a large soft-iron nail and connecting it to a battery as shown. This simple classroom experiment allows us to pick-up a large quantity of clips or pins and we can make the    electromagnet stronger by adding more turns to the coil. This degree of intensity of the magnetic field either by a hollow air core or by introducing ferromagnetic materials into the core is called <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Magnetic Permeability</span>.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #38761d; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.1; text-align: left;">Permeability of Electromagnets</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> If cores of different materials with the same physical dimensions are used in the electromagnet, the strength of the magnet will vary in relation to the core material being used. This variation in the magnetic strength is due to the number of flux lines passing through the central core. if the magnetic material has a high permeability then the flux lines can easily be created and pass through the central core and permeability (μ) and it is a measure of the ease by which the core can be magnetised.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> The numerical constant given for the permeability of a vacuum is given as: <span class="mtxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;">μ<span style="bottom: -0.3em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">o</span> = 4.π.10<span style="bottom: 0.7em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-7</span> H/m</span> with the relative permeability of free space (a vacuum) generally given a value of one. It is this value that is used as a reference in all calculations dealing with permeability and all materials have their own specific values of permeability.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> The problem with using just the permeability of different iron, steel or alloy cores is that the calculations involved can become very large so it is more convenient to define the materials by their relative permeability.</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Relative Permeability</span>, symbol <span class="mtxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;">μ<span style="bottom: -0.3em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">r</span></span> is the product of <span class="mtxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;">μ</span> (absolute permeability) and <span class="mtxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;">μ<span style="bottom: -0.3em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 11px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">o</span></span> the permeability of free space and is given as.</div> <h3 class="h3txt" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: underline;"> <span style="color: #38761d;">Relative Permeability</span></h3> <div class="cntr" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"> <img alt="relative permeability equation" height="58" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/mag16.gif" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Relative Permeability Equation" width="357" /></div> <div class="bottomspace" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 602.65625px;">  </div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> Materials that have a permeability slightly less than that of free space (a vacuum) and have a weak, negative susceptibility to magnetic fields are said to be <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Diamagnetic</span> in nature such as: water, copper, silver and gold. Those materials with a permeability slightly greater than that of free space and themselves are only slightly attracted by a magnetic field are said to be <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Paramagnetic</span> in nature such as: gases, magnesium, and tantalum.</div> <h2 class="examtxt" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #006600; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: underline;"> Electromagnet Example No1</h2> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> The absolute permeability of a soft iron core is given as 80 milli-henries/m (80.10<span style="bottom: 0.7em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-3</span>). Calculate the equivalent relative permeability value.</div> <div class="cntr" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"> <img alt="relative permeability" height="72" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/mag17.gif" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Relative Permeability" width="450" /></div> <div class="bottomspace" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 602.65625px;">  </div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> When ferromagnetic materials are used in the core the use of relative permeability to define the field strength gives a better idea of the strength of the magnetic field for the different types of materials used. For example, a vacuum and air have a relative permeability of one and for an iron core it is around 500, so we can say that the field strength of an iron core is 500 times stronger than an equivalent hollow air coil and this relationship is much easier to understand than 0.628×10<span style="bottom: 0.7em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-3</span> H/m, ( <span class="ntxt" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #5078b4; text-align: center;">500.4.π.10<span style="bottom: 0.7em; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">-7</span></span>).</div> <div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.5714282989502px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="line-height: 18.5714282989502px;">While, air may have a permeability of just one, some ferrite and permalloy materials can have a permeability of 10,000 or more. However, there are limits to the amount of magnetic field strength that can be obtained from a single coil as the core becomes heavily saturated as the magnetic flux increases and this is looked at in the next tutorial about </span><b style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 18.5714282989502px;">B-H curves</b><span style="line-height: 18.5714282989502px;"> and </span><b style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 18.5714282989502px;">Hysteresis</b><span style="line-height: 18.5714282989502px;">.</span></div> </div> </div>

The Electromagnet

We now know from the previous tutorials that a straight current carrying conductor produces a circular magnetic field around itself at all...

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