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How to make a PCB at home

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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Often people face problem while making a circuit on a bread board.
It is a common problem that the circuit may work some time and may not work
other time. Most of the time it is the connections on the bread board which
creates this problem. Either are connections are not proper or loose or may get
damaged while working or carrying the circuit on a bread board. Hence it is
always recommended to make the circuit on a PCB once it has been tested on
a bread board. But </span><b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">how to make a PCB at home</span></i></b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">? This article will</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>explain the
process of making a single layer PCB at home</b> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">with the use of commonly
available tools.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">A</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="border: none; color: black;"><span style="border: none;">printed circuit board</span></span></span> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">has pre-designed copper tracks on a conducting sheet. The
pre-defined tracks reduce the wiring thereby reducing the faults arising due to
lose connections. One needs to simply place the components on the PCB and
solder them.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materials required in PCB Designing:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">·        </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Over Head Projector sheet (known as OHP sheets) or a wax paper.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">·        </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Laser Printer.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">·        </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Electric Iron.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">·        </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Steel wool.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">·        </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Two plastic trays.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">·        </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Copper board/ PCB (eg: paper phenolic, glass epoxy, FR4, FR10,
etc.)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">·        </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Black permanent marker.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">·        </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Etching solution (Ferric chloride).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">·        </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Drill machine.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step 1:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Prepare a layout of the circuit on any commonly used PCB designing
software. A layout is a design which interconnects the components according to
the schematic diagram (circuit diagram). Take a mirror image print of the
layout on the OHP sheet using a laser printer. Make sure that the design is
correct with proper placement of the components.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> <img alt="How to make a PCB at home1" border="0" height="474" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4350" width="631" /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step 2:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Cut the copper board according to the size of layout. A copper
board is the base of a<a href="http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/printed-circuit-boards-pcb-design-manufacturing"><span style="border: none; color: black;"><span style="border: none;">PCB</span></span></a>,
it can be single layer, double layer or multi layer board.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Single layer copper board has copper on one side of the PCB, they
are used to make single layer PCBs, it is widely used by hobbyist or in the
small circuits. A double layer copper board consists of copper on both the
sides of the PCB. These boards are generally used by the industries. A
multilayer board has multiple layers of copper; they are quite costly and
mainly used for complex circuitries like mother board of PC.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> <img alt="How to make a PCB at home2" border="0" height="372" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4352" width="522" /></span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step 3:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Rub the copper side of PCB using steel wool.
This removes the top oxide layer of copper as well as the photo resists layer
if any.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home3" border="0" height="438" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4354" width="582" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step 4: </span></b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Place the OHP sheet (wax paper)
which has the printed layout on the PCB sheet. Make sure that the
printed/mirror side should be placed on the copper side of PCB.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home4" border="0" height="484" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4356" width="645" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step 5:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and start ironing. The heat
applied by the electric iron causes the ink of the traces on the OHP sheet to
stick on the copper plate exactly in the same way it is printed on the OHP
sheet. This means that the copper sheet will now have the layout of the PCB
printed on it. Allow the PCB plate to cool down and slowly remove the OHP
sheet. Since it is manual process it may happen that the layout doesn’t comes
properly on PCB or some of the tracks are broken in between. Use the permanent
marker and complete the tracks properly.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home5" border="0" height="495" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4358" width="658" /><img alt="How to make a PCB at home6" border="0" height="483" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4359" width="644" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home7" border="0" height="457" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4360" width="608" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home8" border="0" height="456" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4361" width="608" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home9" border="0" height="447" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4362" width="594" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home10" border="0" height="440" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4363" width="586" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step 6:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Now the layout is printed on PCB. The area covered by ink is known
as the masked area and the unwanted copper, not covered by the ink is known as
unmasked area. Now make a solution of ferric chloride. Take a plastic box and
fill it up with some water. Dissolve 2-3 tea spoon of ferric chloride power in
the water. Dip the PCB into the Etching solution (Ferric chloride solution,
Fecl<sub>3</sub>) for approximately 30 mins. The Fecl<sub>3</sub></span> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">reacts with the unmasked copper and removes the unwanted copper
from the PCB. This process is called as Etching.  Use pliers to take out
the PCB and check if the entire unmasked area has been etched or not. In case
it is not etched leave it for some more time in the solution.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home11" border="0" height="453" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4370" width="604" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step 7: </span></b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Take out the PCB wash it in
cold water and remove the ink by rubbing it with steel wool. The remaining area
which has not been etched is the conductive copper tracks which connect the
components as per the circuit diagram.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> <img alt="How to make a PCB at home12" border="0" height="437" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4372" width="581" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home13" border="0" height="470" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4373" width="626" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in;"><img alt="How to make a PCB at home" border="0" height="465" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.jpg" title="" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4374" width="620" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step 8: </span></b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Now carefully drill the PCB
using a drilling machine on the pads.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;"> <img alt="How to make a PCB at home15" border="0" height="504" src="file:///C:\Users\System2\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4378" width="670" /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Step 9: </span></b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Put the components in the
correct holes and solder them.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">This completes your</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>PCB fabrication</b> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">now put the components on mounting side and solder them. Make
sure that you properly dispose of the FeCl3 solution, clean your tools and wash
your hands after this exercise. You can also store the solution in a plastic
box for future use but not for too long.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>

How to make a PCB at home

Often people face problem while making a circuit on a bread board. It is a common problem that the circuit may work some time and may not ...

+ Read more »

Cricket Funny Sporting Quotes

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5B5zTxPDcS4UCFoohKqsZ3CUEy2pfNuLa78zsEadYW_U56E49zMDVB_iCEviyjwhC0En89AOEmQIrFe9j4VcTHVgv2Sk5WA4aL0fCR8b8U0itRhyphenhyphenqiROHKSBn9tNoDwKvyr0pM_NPktg/s1600/POTRJuniors.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5B5zTxPDcS4UCFoohKqsZ3CUEy2pfNuLa78zsEadYW_U56E49zMDVB_iCEviyjwhC0En89AOEmQIrFe9j4VcTHVgv2Sk5WA4aL0fCR8b8U0itRhyphenhyphenqiROHKSBn9tNoDwKvyr0pM_NPktg/s1600/POTRJuniors.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<h1 align="left" style="line-height: 14.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></h1>
<h1 align="left" style="line-height: 14.4pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 14.4pt;">Below is my top 10 list of favorite funny quotes from the sport
of cricket. See also our collection of other (not funny)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 14.4pt;">quotes about
cricket</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 14.4pt;">.</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><b>"The other advantage England have got when Phil Tufnell is
bowling is that he is not fielding."</b> <i><span style="color: #666666;">- Ian Chappell in 1990</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><b>"They came to see me bat not you bowl"</b> <i><span style="color: #666666;">- WG Grace, putting the
bails back on his stumps after being bowled first ball.</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><b>"I bowl so slowly that if I don't like a ball I can run after
it and bring it back" </b><i><span style="color: #666666;">- J.M. Barrie</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span><b>"I can't really say I'm batting badly. I'm not batting long
enough to be batting badly"</b> <i><span style="color: #666666;">- Greg Chappell</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span><b>"This is Cunis at the Vauxhall End. Cunis—a funny sort of
name. Neither one thing nor the other"</b> <i><span style="color: #666666;">- Alan Gibson</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span><b>"I don't ask Kathy to face Michael Holding. So I don't see
why I should be changing nappies."</b> <i><span style="color: #666666;">- Ian Botham on family
life</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span><b>"A very small crowd here today. I can count the people on one
hand. Can't be more than 30"</b><i><span style="color: #666666;">- Michael Abrahamson</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span><b>"The Port Elizabeth ground is more of a circle than an oval.
It is long and square" </b><i><span style="color: #666666;">- Trevor Bailey</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span><b>"Cricket is a game played by 11 fools and watched by 11,000
fools,"</b> <i><span style="color: #666666;">- George Bernard Shaw</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10.<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><b>"The only person who would call for a run and wish his
partner good luck at the same time"</b><i><span style="color: #666666;">-. John Warr commenting on Denis
Compton</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
</div>

Cricket Funny Sporting Quotes

Below is my top 10 list of favorite funny quotes from the sport of cricket. See also our collection of other (not funny) quotes abou...

+ Read more »

Managing Your Cash Flow Better in 2015

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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Looking forward to growing your business this year? Cash flow forecasting
can help you better manage the financial side of your business so you can help
your company thrive.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Every small-business owner knows that cash flow
management is critical, but it's likely to be even more important in 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As we gear up for managing our businesses this year, a
wide variety of factors will drive the importance of effective cash flow
management, including the volatility of the capital markets, tightening
commercial lending standards, the political uncertainty in Washington and the
pockets of global unrest around the world.  Customers who sense this level
of volatility may hold on to their money for longer periods of time, which
means your ability to get paid and have cash in hand will be delayed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 26.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #174973; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Learn By Example<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So what can you do to improve your business's cash
flow? This hypothetical example offers some key insights.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let's imagine you own a small, well-established
catering company. You get a call one day to provide the food and beverages for
a very large, high-profile wedding. The client gives you a 10 percent deposit,
and you and your team immediately start planning the menu (the overhead costs
for your time and effort are already chipping away at the deposit). Your
projected revenue on the event is Rs100,000 (nice!), and your target profit
after labor, food and other costs have been paid will be almost Rs25,000 (even
nicer!). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then the big day arrives, and you're already thinking
about all the things you'll do with that Rs25,000 profit. But as the reception
is winding down, the bride’s father pulls you aside and tells you that he just
lost his job and will need some extra time to pay the catering bills. He
apologizes profusely, but you're furious. Your staff all expects to be paid
this evening, and your food vendors will be clamoring for their payments by
Monday.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On an accrual basis, you look great on paper: revenue
of Rs100,000, Rs75,000 in costs and a very healthy Rs25,000 profit. But on a
cash basis, this situation could cripple or even destroy your company.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So what could you have done differently to avoid this
mess?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Have
     an operating line of credit in place with a local bank in anticipation of
     these cash-flow gaps<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Have
     working capital in place to anticipate the “delta” between revenues booked
     and cash received so costs can be covered<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Get
     your clients to pay you progress payments and/or a larger deposit in
     anticipation of this contingency<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Get
     your clients to sign a promissory note and assign/factor it with a third
     party to “liberate” some cash as soon as possible<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Build
     business models and cash-flow forecasts to avoid being blindsided by your
     customer’s miseries<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first four ideas are pretty straightforward, but
if you've never done any cash flow forecasting, learning how will help you
improve your cash flow management.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 26.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #174973; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cash Flow
Forecasting 101<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Business forecasting in general involves peering into
the future to get some degree of predictability based on the norms of your
industry, your business model and your prior operating history as well as the
historical and current trends in the economy. Forecasting your cash flow can
help you better manage the risks of growing a business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For small-business owners, putting together an
accurate forecast of the working capital you'll need to survive and thrive can
be an arduous task. How can you predict sales, cash flow and expenses for the
next 12 months in an uncertain, rollercoaster-type economy? How can you spot
red flags and warning signs ahead of the curve and be in a position to take
remedial action before it's too late? Forecasting starts with a proper
definition of the term as well as creating an infrastructure to keep you
focused and on track to meet your goals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The best approach to cash flow forecasting isn't to
create a single plan but rather one plan with three possible scenarios:
worst-case scenario, best-case scenario and something in between, often known
as “expected case” scenario. To create these three scenarios, you need to
identify and understand the dynamics of the key variables that will influence
your business. These variables may include your typical sales cycle, degrees of
customer satisfaction, the entry of new competitors or the reliability of your
products or services. Keeping your finger on the pulse of what’s happening in
the marketplace is also key to successful cash flow forecasting—your goal is to
be proactive and not reactive. Be a business news “junkie,” and pay careful
attention to economic news, market updates and industry developments to
determine how it may affect your cash flow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A well-drafted cash flow forecast should also address
how much money your company will need to implement its business plan over the
next 12 to 18 months and why. It should carefully anticipate when you need to
pay your bills and compare it to how and when your customers typically pay you.
It should also demonstrate when the various capital levels will be required,
since many investors and lenders will prefer to invest or lend in stages as
milestones are met rather than giving your company all the money on a lump sum
basis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The forecast should also include any major
expenditures you're planning and why you believe they're necessary for a
company at your stage. This section should be broken down into at least three
different scenarios reflecting differing funding levels at the bottom, middle
and upper ranges of the capital you're seeking since it's unlikely you'll be
able to raise the exact amount of money you require or cover these costs from
your internal cash flow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 26.25pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #174973; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Getting Down to
Work<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The key to preparing effective cash flow forecasts is
to have clear and detailed footnotes that explain your underlying assumptions
and the variables—the key factors and sources of data you relied upon in
arriving at these conclusions—that affect these assumptions. The more accurate
your forecast, the better you'll know whether you'll need credit cards,
operating lines of credit or other sources of funding to cover the gap between
money in hand and money out the door.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These tips to take away and common mistakes to avoid
can help you create a cash flow forecast that helps your business thrive:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don't
     underestimate your cost projections, especially in the area of personnel
     expenses.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Small
     and growing companies often grossly underestimate these expenses. Be sure
     to include all costs associated with human resources such as headhunter
     fees, benefits, technology, resources and office space, not just salaries
     and projected bonuses.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Understand
     your key reserve drivers and the variables that affect actual
     performances.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> If
     people/time is your chief revenue driver, make sure your projections match
     up with your current personnel. Are you sure you'll be able to attract and
     retain additional personnel as you grow? Your strategy must match the
     numbers.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Understand
     the financial and cash flow needs of the source of your “cash flow gap”
     lenders.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> For
     commercial banks, make sure your projections and cash flows match up with
     the schedule of debt service payments. Don’t force fit your projections
     into a third party’s perceived cash flow needs or their expected rates of
     return. Your numbers will either meet their needs or they won’t. A little
     bit of tweaking is fine, but don’t do a major overhaul or get too
     aggressive just because you think that's the only way they'll lend you
     money. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Know
     the numbers for your competitors and your industry overall.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Does your cash
     flow forecast fit with applicable and relevant key industry ratios? Why or
     why not? Where are you stronger than the norm? Weaker? Why? Bankers and
     lenders that regularly provide capital to your industry will be very
     familiar with these numbers, and you need to be as well.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
     focus on your business plan must match up consistently with your stated
     capital needs and projected cash flow.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> These are often called the “critical
     linkages” between the body of the business plan and the cash flow
     forecasts, and they must smoothly fit together. For example, your sales
     forecast should fit with your marketing budget. Your new product
     development plans must fit your research and development budget. A
     sophisticated reader will spot gaps between the words and the numbers
     early on, and when they do, you'll lose your credibility.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t
     rely too heavily on outside advisors or software programs when preparing
     your cash flow forecasts. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prospective lenders want to know how you
     arrived at these conclusions, not how some consultant or software program
     got you there. Use your advisors as editors and sounding boards but not as
     primary draftsmen.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #333333; line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Give
     yourself enough of a working capital cushion. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It's very costly to go
     back to the source of capital for additional funds prematurely or in
     between expected rounds. Leave room for error in your projections so you
     don't run out of cash too soon.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Your ability to measure costs and financial data
directly affects your ability to manage your company based on this data. To
create a growing, thriving business, you must be able to contain and control
costs, keep debt low on the balance sheet, manage rapid sales growth, increase
profit margins, build multiple reserve streams and strong earnings, and
position your company for additional rounds of capital at higher valuations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 22.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These critical drivers for continued business growth
will all depend on the systems and procedures you put in place to measure and
monitor performance. Learning to create realistic cash flow forecasts is a
critical step on the road to business success.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>

Managing Your Cash Flow Better in 2015

Looking forward to growing your business this year? Cash flow forecasting can help you better manage the financial side of your business s...

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I've been a Business Man

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insightful look at what it really takes to be a successful business owner.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I've been a Business Man most of
my adult life. Recently, on a long business flight, I began thinking about what
it takes to become successful as a Business Man—and how I would even define the
meaning “success” itself. The two ideas became more intertwined in my thinking:
success as a Business Man, Business Man success.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I've given a lot of talks over
the years on the subject of Business Man ship. The first thing I find I have to
do is to dispel the persistent myth that Business Man success is <i>all</i> about
innovative thinking and breakthrough ideas. I've found that Business Man
success usually comes through <i>great execution</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But what else does it take to
succeed as a Business Man—and how should a Business Man define success? Here's
my top 10 list, in descending order, for success:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #174973; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How to Be a
Success<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. You must be passionate about
what you're trying to achieve</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. This means you’re willing to
sacrifice a large part of your waking hours to the idea you’ve come up with.
Passion will ignite the same intensity in the others who join you as you build
a team to succeed in this endeavor. And with passion, both your team and your
customers are more likely to truly believe in what you are trying to do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Focus intensely on your
opportunity.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> This focus and intensity helps to eliminate wasted effort
and distractions. Most companies die from indigestion rather than starvation—in
other words, companies suffer from doing too many things at the same time
rather than doing too few things very well. Stay focused on the mission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Success only comes from hard
work.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> We all know that there is no such thing as overnight
success. Behind every overnight success lies years of hard work and sweat.
People with luck will tell you there’s no easy way to achieve success—and that
luck comes to those who work hard. Successful Business Mans always give 100
percent of their efforts to everything they do. If you know you are giving your
best effort, you’ll never have any reason for regrets. Keep your focus on
things you can control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. the road to success is going
to be long, so remember to enjoy the journey.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Everyone
will teach you to focus on goals, but successful people focus on the
journey <i>and</i> celebrate the milestones along the way. Is it
worth spending a large part of your life trying to reach the destination if you
didn’t enjoy the journey along the way? Won’t the team you attract to join your
mission also enjoy the journey more as well? Wouldn’t it be better for all of
you to have the time of your life <i>during </i>the journey, even if
the destination is never reached?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Trust your gut instinct more
than any spreadsheet.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> There are too many variables in the real world that you
simply can’t put into a spreadsheet. Spreadsheets spit out results from your
inexact assumptions and give you a false sense of security. In most cases, your
heart and gut are still your best guide. We’ve all had experiences in business
where our heart told us something was wrong while our brain was still trying to
use logic to figure it all out. Sometimes a faint voice based on instinct
resonates far more strongly than overpowering logic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Be flexible but persistent.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Every Business
Man has to be agile in order to perform. You have to continually learn and
adapt as new information becomes available. At the same time you have to remain
persistent to the cause and mission of your enterprise. That’s where that faint
voice becomes so important, especially when it is giving you early warning
signals that things are going off-track. Successful Business Mans find the
balance between listening to that voice and staying persistent in driving for
success—because sometimes success is waiting right across from the transitional
bump that’s disguised as failure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Rely on your team.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> It’s a
simple fact: No individual can be good at everything. Everyone needs people
around them who have complementary skill sets. Business Mans are an optimistic
bunch of people and it’s very hard for them to believe that they are not good
at certain things. It takes a lot of soul searching to find your own core
skills and strengths. After that, find the smartest people you can who <i>complement </i>your
strengths. It’s easy to get attracted to people who are like you; the trick is
to find people who are not like you but who are good at what they do—and what
you can’t do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Execution, execution,
execution</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Unless you are the smartest person on earth, it’s likely that
many others have thought about doing the same thing you’re trying to do.
Success doesn’t necessarily come from breakthrough innovation but from flawless
execution. A great strategy alone won’t win a game or a battle; the win comes
from basic blocking and tackling. All of us have seen Business Mans who waste
too much time writing business plans and preparing PowerPoints. I believe that
a business plan is too long if it’s more than one page. Besides, things
never turn out the way you envisioned them. No matter how much time you spend
perfecting the plan, you still have to adapt according to the ground realities.
You’re going to learn a lot more useful information from taking action rather
than hypothesizing. Remember—stay flexible and adapt as new information becomes
available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. be honest and show
integrity. </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I can’t imagine anyone ever achieving long-term success without
having honesty and integrity. These two qualities need to be at the core of
everything we do. Everybody has a conscience—but too many people stop listening
to it. There is always that faint voice that warns you when you are not being
completely honest or even slightly off track from the path of integrity. Be
sure to listen to that voice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Appreciate your success by
giving back. </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don't ever forget this part, arguably the most important part,
of defining yourself as a true success. By the time you achieve your success,
lots of people will have helped you along the way. You’ll learn, as I have,
that you rarely get a chance to help the people who helped you because in most
cases, you don’t even know who they were. The only way to pay back the debts we
owe is to help people we can help—and hope they will go on to help more people.
When we are successful, we draw so much from the community and society that we
live in, we should think in terms of how we can help others in return. It’s our
responsibility to do “good” with the resources we have available.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 26.25pt;"><span style="color: #174973; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How to Measure
Success?</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hopefully, you have internalized
the 10 lessons of becoming a successful Business Man. The next question you are
likely to ask yourself is: How do we measure success? Success, of course, is
very personal; there is no universal way of measuring success. What do
successful people like Bill Gates and Mother Teresa have in common? On the
surface, it’s hard to find anything they share—and yet both are successful. I
personally believe the real metric of success isn’t the size of your bank
account. It’s the number of lives where you might be able to make a positive
difference. This is the measure of success we need to apply while we are on our
journey to success.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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I've been a Business Man

Would you consider yourself a success? An insightful look at what it really takes to be a successful business owner. I've ...

+ Read more »

Uttama VillainS Worldwide computer Hackers.

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<strong>1. Kevin Mitnick</strong></div>
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Probably the most famous hacker of his generation, Mitnick has been described by the US Department of Justice as "the most wanted computer criminal in United States history." The self-styled 'hacker poster boy' allegedly hacked into the computer systems of some of the world's top technology and telecommunications companies including Nokia, Fujitsu and Motorola. After a highly publicised pursuit by the FBI, Mitnick was arrested in 1995 and after confessing to several charges as part of a plea-bargain agreement, he served a five year prison sentence. He was released on parole in 2000 and today runs a computer security consultancy. He didn't refer to his hacking activities as 'hacking' and instead called them 'social engineering'.</div>
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<strong>2. Kevin Poulson</strong></div>
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Poulson first gained notoriety by hacking into the phone lines of Los Angeles radio station KIIS-FM, ensuring he would be the 102nd caller and thus the winner of a competition the station was running in which the prize was a Porsche. Under the hacker alias Dark Dante, he also reactivated old Yellow Page escort telephone numbers for an acquaintance that then ran a virtual escort agency. The authorities began pursuing Poulson in earnest after he hacked into a federal investigation database. Poulson even appeared on the US television Unsolved Mysteries as a fugitive – although all the 1-800 phone lines for the program mysteriously crashed. Since his release from prison, Poulson has reinvented himself as a journalist.</div>
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<strong style="line-height: 20.7199993133545px;">3. Adrian Lamo</strong></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20.7199993133545px;">Adrian Lamo was named 'the homeless hacker' for his penchant for using coffee shops</span><strong style="line-height: 20.7199993133545px;">,</strong><span style="line-height: 20.7199993133545px;"> libraries and internet cafés as his bases for hacking. Most of his illicit activities involved breaking into computer networks and then reporting on their vulnerabilities to the companies that owned them. Lamo's biggest claim to fame came when he broke into the intranet of the New York Times and added his name to their database of experts. He also used the paper's LexisNexis account to gain access to the confidential details of high-profile subjects. Lamo currently works as a journalist.</span></div>
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<strong>4. Stephen Wozniak</strong></div>
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Famous for being the co-founder of Apple, Stephen "Woz" Wozniak began his 'white-hat' hacking career with 'phone phreaking' – slang for bypassing the phone system. While studying at the University of California he made devices for his friends called 'blue boxes' that allowed them to make free long distance phone calls. Wozniak allegedly used one such device to call the Pope. He later dropped out of university after he began work on an idea for a computer. He formed Apple Computer with his friend Steve Jobs and the rest, as they say, is history.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3qVUXvkKoySPIqKujGM3m9M4ajSuuYagNaW5X0MOJJE4oleUhLyGiC84BMH84dDjILWLq-khdm00fsCFFhPW5RUgmzM4Hgqqbhyphenhyphen4Nhwb3xMwjrNLkaHbh7qd47vyhS44L1VKBsUqi_k_A/s1600/hacking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3qVUXvkKoySPIqKujGM3m9M4ajSuuYagNaW5X0MOJJE4oleUhLyGiC84BMH84dDjILWLq-khdm00fsCFFhPW5RUgmzM4Hgqqbhyphenhyphen4Nhwb3xMwjrNLkaHbh7qd47vyhS44L1VKBsUqi_k_A/s1600/hacking.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<strong>5. Loyd Blankenship</strong></div>
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Also known as The Mentor, Blankenship was a member of a couple of hacker elite groups in the 1980s – notably the Legion Of Doom, who battled for supremacy online against the Masters Of Deception. However, his biggest claim to fame is that he is the author of the Hacker Manifesto (The Conscience of a Hacker), which he wrote after he was arrested in 1986. The Manifesto states that a hacker's only crime is curiosity and is looked at as not only a moral guide by hackers up to today, but also a cornerstone of hacker philosophy. It was reprinted in Phrack magazine and even made its way into the 1995 film Hackers, which starred Angelina Jolie.</div>
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<strong>6. Michael Calce</strong></div>
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Calce gained notoriety when he was just 15 years old by hacking into some of the largest commercial websites in the world. On Valentine's Day in 2000, using the hacker alias MafiaBoy, Calce launched a series of denial-of-service attacks across 75 computers in 52 networks, which affected sites such as eBay, Amazon and Yahoo. He was arrested after he was noticed boasting about his hack in online chat rooms. He was received a sentence of eight months of "open custody," one year of probation, restricted use of the internet, and a small fine.</div>
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<strong>7. Robert Tappan Morris</strong></div>
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In November of 1988 a computer virus, which was later traced to Cornell University, infected around 6,000 major Unix machines, slowing them down to the point of being unusable and causing millions of dollars in damage. Whether this virus was the first of its type is debatable. What is public record, however, is that its creator, Robert Tappan Morris, became the first person to be convicted under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Morris said his 'worm' virus wasn't intended to damage anything and was instead released to gauge the size of the internet. This assertion didn't help him, however, and he was sentenced to three years probation, 4000 hours of community service and a hefty fine. A computer disk containing the source code for the Morris Worm remains on display at the Boston Museum of Science to this day.</div>
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<strong>8. The Masters Of Deception</strong></div>
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The Masters Of Deception (MoD) were a New York-based group of elite hackers who targeted US phone systems in the mid to late 80s. A splinter group from the Legion Of Doom (LoD), they became a target for the authorities after they broke into AT&T's computer system. The group was eventually brought to heel in 1992 with many of its members receiving jail or suspended sentences.</div>
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<strong>9. David L. Smith</strong></div>
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Smith is the author of the notorious Melissa worm virus, which was the first successful email-aware virus distributed in the Usenet discussion group alt. sex. The virus original form was sent via email. Smith was arrested and later sentenced to jail for causing over $80 million worth of damage.</div>
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<strong>10. Sven Jaschan</strong></div>
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Jaschan was found guilty of writing the Netsky and Sasser worms in 2004 while he was still a teenager. The viruses were found to be responsible for 70 per cent of all the malware seen spreading over the internet at the time. Jaschan received a suspended sentence and three years probation for his crimes. He was also hired by a security company.</div>
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Uttama VillainS Worldwide computer Hackers.

1. Kevin Mitnick Probably the most famous hacker of his generation, Mitnick has been described by the US Department of Justice as ...

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