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whatis the use of robots.txt file ???

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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">robots.txt  ??? ??</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #191919; line-height: 23px;">A </span><code style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</code><span style="color: #191919; line-height: 23px;"> </span><span style="color: #191919; line-height: 23px;">file stored in the root of your website will tell</span><span style="color: #191919; line-height: 23px;"> </span>web robots<span style="color: #191919; line-height: 23px;"> </span><span style="color: #191919; line-height: 23px;">like search engine spiders what directories and files they are allowed to crawl. It’s easy to</span><span style="color: #191919; line-height: 23px;"> </span>use a robots.txt file<span style="color: #191919; line-height: 23px;">, but there are some things you should remember:</span></span></div>
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<ol style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #191919; line-height: 25px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 17px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Black hat web robots will ignore your <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> file. The most common types are malware bots and robots looking for email addresses to harvest.</span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some new programmers will write robots that ignore the <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> file. This is usually done by mistake.</span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Anyone can see your <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> file. They are always called <code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</code> and are always stored at the root of the website. For example, <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">About.com’s</span> <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> file is here http://www.samplesite.com/robots.txt.</span></li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finally, if someone links to a file or directory that is excluded by your <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> file from a page that is not excluded by their<span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> file, the search engines may find it anyway.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Don’t use <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> files to hide anything important. Instead you should put important information behind secure passwords or leave it off the web entirely</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">How to Use These Sample Files</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Copy the text from the sample that is closest to what you want to do, and paste it into your<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</code> file. Change the robot, directory, and file names to match your prefered configuration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Two Basic Robots.txt Files</span></h3>
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<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">User-agent: *<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Disallow: /</span></code></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This file says that any robot (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">User-agent: *</code>) that accesses it should ignore every page on the site (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disallow: /</code>).</span></div>
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<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">User-agent: *<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Disallow:</span></code></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This file says that any robot (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">User-agent: *</code>) that accesses it is allowed to view every page on the site (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disallow:</code>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You can also do this by leaving your<span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> file blank or not having one on your site at all.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Protect Specific Directories from Robots</span></h3>
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<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">User-agent: *<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Disallow: /cgi-bin/<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Disallow: /temp/</span></code></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This file says that any robot (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">User-agent: *</code>) that accesses it should ignore the directories /cgi-bin/ and /temp/ (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disallow: /cgi-bin/ Disallow: /temp/</code>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Protect Specific Pages from Robots</span></h3>
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<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">User-agent: *<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Disallow: /jenns-stuff.htm<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Disallow: /private.php</span></code></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This file says that any robot (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">User-agent: *</code>) that accesses it should ignore the files /<span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">jenns-stuff.htm</span> and /<span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">private.php</span> (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disallow: /jenns-stuff.htm Disallow: /private.php</code>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Prevent a Specific Robot from Accessing Your Site</span></h3>
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<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">User-agent: Lycos/x.x<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Disallow: /</span></code></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This file says that the Lycos bot (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">User-agent: Lycos/x.x</code>) is not allowed access anywhere on the site (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disallow: /</code>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Allow Only One Specific Robot Access</span></h3>
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<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">User-agent: *<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Disallow: /<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />User-agent: Googlebot<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Disallow:</span></code></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This file first disallows all robots like we did above, and then explicitly lets the Googlebot (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">User-agent: Googlebot</code>) have access to everything (<code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disallow:</code>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Combine Multiple Lines to Get Exactly the Exclusions You Want</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While it’s better to use a very inclusive User-agent line, like <code style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">User-agent: *</code>, you can be as specific as you like. Remember that robots read the file in order. So if the first lines say that all robots are blocked from everything, and then later on in the file it says that all robots are allowed access to everything, the robots will have access to everything.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 23px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you’re not sure whether you’ve written your <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> file correctly, you can use Google’s Webmaster Tools to check your <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">robots.txt</span> file or write a new one.</span></div>
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whatis the use of robots.txt file ???

robots.txt ??? ?? A robots.txt file stored in the root of your website will tell web robots like search engine spiders what dire...

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I Can

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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28.5714302062988px;">The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will, and I am. Losers, on the other hand, concentrate their waking thoughts on what they should have or would have done, or what they can’t do. </span></span><br />
<span class="twitter_user" style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; float: right; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28.5714302062988px;"></span></span><span class="twitter_user" style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; float: right; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Dennis Waitley</span></span></div>

I Can

The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will, and I am. Losers, on the other hand, concentrate their waking thoughts on w...

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Ebola virus disease

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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Key facts</span></h3>
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<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission.</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks.</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first EVD outbreaks occurred in remote villages in Central Africa, near tropical rainforests, but the most recent outbreak in west Africa has involved major urban as well as rural areas.</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, namely case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation.</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. There is as yet no licensed treatment proven to neutralise the virus but a range of blood, immunological and drug therapies are under development.</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are currently no licensed Ebola vaccines but 2 potential candidates are undergoing evaluation.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Background</span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The current outbreak in west Africa, (first cases notified in March 2014), is the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976. There have been more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It has also spread between countries starting in Guinea then spreading across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air (1 traveller only) to Nigeria, and by land (1 traveller) to Senegal.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The most severely affected countries, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia have very weak health systems, lacking human and infrastructural resources, having only recently emerged from long periods of conflict and instability. On August 8, the WHO Director-General declared this outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A separate, unrelated Ebola outbreak began in Boende, Equateur, an isolated part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The virus family Filoviridae includes 3 genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. There are 5 species that have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï Forest. The first 3, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Sudan ebolavirus have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa. The virus causing the 2014 west African outbreak belongs to the Zaire species.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transmission</span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Health-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased person can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">People remain infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, including semen and breast milk, contain the virus. Men who have recovered from the disease can still transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Symptoms of Ebola virus disease</span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21 days. Humans are not infectious until they develop symptoms. First symptoms are the sudden onset of fever fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding (e.g. oozing from the gums, blood in the stools). Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Diagnosis</span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It can be difficult to distinguish EVD from other infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever and meningitis. Confirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus infection are made using the following investigations:</span></span></div>
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<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">antigen-capture detection tests</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">serum neutralization test</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">electron microscopy</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">virus isolation by cell culture.</span></li>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Samples from patients are an extreme biohazard risk; laboratory testing on non-inactivated samples should be conducted under maximum biological containment conditions.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Treatment and vaccines</span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Supportive care-rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids- and treatment of specific symptoms, improves survival. There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD. However, a range of potential treatments including blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated. No licensed vaccines are available yet, but 2 potential vaccines are undergoing human safety testing.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prevention and control</span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, namely case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and protective measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors:</span></span></div>
<ul class="disc" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 13px; line-height: 13px; list-style: none outside; margin: 0px 20px 18px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission</b> from contact with infected fruit bats or monkeys/apes and the consumption of their raw meat. Animals should be handled with gloves and other appropriate protective clothing. Animal products (blood and meat) should be thoroughly cooked before consumption.</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission</b> from direct or close contact with people with Ebola symptoms, particularly with their bodily fluids. Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when taking care of ill patients at home. Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital, as well as after taking care of patients at home.</span></li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/list.gif); background-position: 0% 0.5em; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Outbreak containment measures</b> including prompt and safe burial of the dead, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola, monitoring the health of contacts for 21 days, the importance of separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread, the importance of good hygiene and maintaining a clean environment.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Controlling infection in health-care settings:</span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe burial practices.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patient’s blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding. When in close contact (within 1 metre) of patients with EBV, health-care workers should wear face protection (a face shield or a medical mask and goggles), a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown, and gloves (sterile gloves for some procedures).</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from humans and animals for investigation of Ebola infection should be handled by trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WHO response</span></h3>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WHO aims to prevent Ebola outbreaks by maintaining surveillance for Ebola virus disease and supporting at-risk countries to developed preparedness plans. The document provides overall guidance for control of Ebola and Marburg virus outbreaks:</span></span></div>
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<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/who_sprite.gif); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When an outbreak is detected WHO responds by supporting surveillance, community engagement, case management, laboratory services, contact tracing, infection control, logistical support and training and assistance with safe burial practices.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WHO has developed detailed advice on Ebola infection prevention and control:</span></span></div>
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<li style="background-image: url(http://www.who.int/sysmedia/media/style/img/who_sprite.gif); background-position: 0px -1978px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 1px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Infection prevention and control guidance for care of patients with suspected or confirmed Filovirus haemorrhagic fever in health-care settings, with focus on Ebola</span></li>
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Ebola virus disease

Key facts Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Th...

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how to prevent ebola from spreading ?

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About Ebola Virus Disease</h1>
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Ebola, previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus strains. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees).</div>
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Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/filoviridae.html" style="color: #075290;"><em>Filoviridae</em></a>, genus <em>Ebolavirus</em>. There are five identified Ebola virus species, four of which are known to cause disease in humans: Ebola virus (<em>Zaire ebolavirus</em>); Sudan virus (<em>Sudan ebolavirus</em>); Taï Forest virus (<em>Taï Forest ebolavirus</em>, formerly <em>Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus</em>); and Bundibugyo virus (<em>Bundibugyo ebolavirus</em>). The fifth, Reston virus (<em>Reston ebolavirus</em>), has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in humans.</div>
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Ebola viruses are found in several African countries. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, outbreaks have appeared sporadically in Africa.</div>
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The natural reservoir host of Ebola virus remains unknown. However, on the basis of evidence and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the virus is animal-borne and that bats are the most likely reservoir. Four of the five virus strains occur in an animal host native to Africa.</div>
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Prevention from Ebola</h1>
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There is no FDA-approved vaccine available for Ebola.</div>
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If you travel to or are in an area affected by an Ebola outbreak, make sure to do the following:</div>
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<li>Practice careful hygiene. For example, wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer and avoid contact with blood and body fluids.</li>
<li>Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids (such as clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment).</li>
<li>Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from Ebola.</li>
<li>Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from these animals.</li>
<li>Avoid facilities in West Africa where Ebola patients are being treated. The U.S. embassy or consulate is often able to provide advice on facilities.</li>
<li>After you return, monitor your health for 21 days and seek medical care immediately if you developsymptoms of Ebola.</li>
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Healthcare workers who may be exposed to people with Ebola should follow these steps:</div>
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<li>Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).</li>
<li>Practice proper infection control and sterilization measures. For more information, see Information for Healthcare Workers and Settings.</li>
<li>Isolate patients with Ebola from other patients.</li>
<li>Avoid direct, unprotected contact with the bodies of people who have died from Ebola.</li>
<li>Notify health officials if you have had direct contact with the blood or body fluids, such as but not limited to, feces, saliva, urine, vomit, and semen of a person who is sick with Ebola. The virus can enter the body through broken skin or unprotected mucous membranes in, for example, the eyes, nose, or mouth.</li>
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how to prevent ebola from spreading ?

About Ebola Virus Disease Ebola, previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one...

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Electronic System Design & Manufacturing, Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme(M-SIPS)

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To promote large-scale manufacturing, to offset disability and to attract domestic and global investments into the Electronic System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) sector in India, the Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme ( M-SIPS) was notified vide Notification no. 175 dated 27th July 2012 in Part-I , Section 1 of the Gazette of India.</div>
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The scheme is available for both new projects and expansion projects. The scheme provides subsidy for investments in capital expenditure - 20% for investments in SEZs and 25% in non-SEZs. It also provides for reimbursement of CVD/Excise for capital equipment for the non-SEZ units. For high technology and high capital investment units, like fabs, reimbursement of central taxes and duties is also provided.</div>
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The incentives are available for investments made in a project within a period of 10 years from the date of approval.</div>
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The incentives are available for units all across the value chain starting from raw materials including assembly, testing, packaging and accessories and covering 29 verticals of ESDM products like</div>
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<tr><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">i. Telecom equipments</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">vi. Consumer electronics</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">xi. Semiconductor chips & components</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">xvi. Nano-electronics</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">ii. Mobile sets and accessories</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">vii. Power supply for ESDM products</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">xii. Fabs for ESDM products</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">xvii. E-waste processing</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">iii. Opto electronics</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">viii. Medical electronics</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">xiii. LEDs/LCDs</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">xviii. Automotive electronics</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">iv. IT hardware</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">ix. Semiconductor wafering</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">xiv. Avionics</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">xix. Electronics manufacturing services etc.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">v. Bio-metric/identity devices</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">x. Solar photovoltaics</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;">xv. Electro-mechanical components</td><td style="background-color: #f5faf5; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: normal; padding: 4px 5px; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
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In furtherance to para 6.2 of M-SIPS policy, for effective functioning of the scheme, a set of guidelines have been drawn and made online on DeitY website. The guidelines for M-SIPS contains the detailed terms and conditions of the scheme along with the list of various ESDM verticals and the requirement of investment thresholds. It also contains application formats both for new and expansion projects. A time line regarding sanction of applications is also there and an applicant will know when to expect a response from the Government. The M-SIPS require applicants to applications with Financial Closure (tied up funds) for the project they propose to execute. The Financial Closure for a project, however, can be given in phases.</div>
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As per para 6.1 of M-SIPS notification, to consider the applications under the scheme and to submit it’s recommendations, an Appraisal Committee headed by Additional Secretary , DeitY have been constituted.</div>
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The non- refundable application fee which is required to be submitted along with the application form has been separately notified. It varies from Rs 10,000/- for projects costing less than 10 crores to Rs 1,00,000/- for projects costing 10,000 crores and above.</div>
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<span style="line-height: 14.7679996490479px;">M-SIPS scheme is presently open to receive applications. All Initial applications which will be received by DeitY on or before 26-07-2015 will be considered for incentives under M-SIPS. The Nodal Officer is the key contact for all communications relating to M-SIPS. Nodal Officer(M-SIPS) has been appointed. All applications under M-SIPS are required to be submitted to Nodal Officer(M-SIPS), Department of Electronics and IT, Electronics Niketan, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003. Application can also be submitted online at</span><span style="line-height: 14.7679996490479px;"> </span><a href="http://www.msips.in/" style="color: #551a8b; line-height: 14.7679996490479px; outline: none;">www.msips.in</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14.7679996490479px;">For more details please see </span><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 14.7679996490479px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://deity.gov.in/</span></span></div>
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Electronic System Design & Manufacturing, Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme(M-SIPS)

To promote large-scale manufacturing, to offset disability and to attract domestic and global investments into the Electronic System Desig...

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